Teenage drinking Essay Example For Students

Adolescent drinking Essay Category:Social IssuesPaper Title:teenage drinkingText:Teenage drinking has gotten one of the biggest social issues among youngpeople in America today. Albeit the greater part of high schoolers drinks on aregular premise, the issue is that they don't know about how risky alcoholcan really be. Actually liquor is regularly the reason for some problemsamong these young people. Basically, liquor ruins numerous youthful people groups lives, andis now of the most difficult issues youngsters face. Driving drunk is one enormous issue frequently connected with high school drinking. Lethal liquor related accidents make up 25% of all accidents included among youngdrivers. Liquor dulls portions of the cerebrum that are urgent to choice making,decreases the capacity to think, and eases back the response time behind thewheel. Tanked drivers are tricky out and about and can without much of a stretch hurt themselvesor somebody guiltless. Something significant should be done, or this perilous trendwill keep on hurting numerous individuals later on. We will compose a custom article on Teenage drinking explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Another issue with underage drinking is the way that they lose control oftheir activities. Liquor regularly brings about youngsters having unsafe sexual conduct. Rapings, spontaneous pregnancies, HIV diseases, and explicitly transmitteddiseases are regularly connected back to when they had been drinking. Theseyoung individuals lose judgment and ordinarily do things they wouldnt do if theywere calm. Losing judgment brings about numerous activities that are lamented and theythen understand that they could have been maintained a strategic distance from. Liquor misuse is amazingly unsafe to ones body, particularly to an adolescents. It influences pretty much every organ framework, either legitimately or in a roundabout way. Shockingly, consumers frequently don't consider what sort of impact alcoholwill have on them when they get more established; such a significant number of individuals wind up learning the hardway. Adolescents that misuse liquor regularly create issues with their liver,heart, stomach, kidneys, or potentially mouth and throat. Numerous grown-ups wish they knewwhen they were more youthful how hurtful liquor really is to a people body. Youngsters should realize that liquor misuse prompts extreme harm totheir body, however can regularly prompt demise too. Taking everything into account, high school drinking is presently turning crazy. The general public isaware of this issue, yet very little is done about it. We have to make ahealthy condition for these youngsters and work together to help keepeveryone safe. Social Issues

Philosophy Research Proposal Essay Example

Reasoning Research Proposal Essay Reasoning is the control which contemplates the principal addresses associated with the presence and the motivation behind the human life and the connection of the human with the encompassing scene. During the hour of the presence of reasoning the control was accepted to have the option to clarify the major laws and rules of the improvement of the world and the general public. Theory attempts to inquire about the procedures of reasoning and comprehend the ethical classes and qualities. Among the most significant and celebrated inquiries which have consistently upset the brains of logicians since the days of yore are: ‘Can we comprehend the world?’ ‘Does the God exist?’ ‘What is reality and realness?’ ‘What is acceptable and evil?’ Present day rationalists guarantee that way of thinking is the science with the restricted extent of research and that it is fairly a specific sort of the perspective, a general way to deal with the comprehension of the fundamental inquiries referenced previously. Theory exists like a lot of the totally extraordinary and dubious hypotheses and approaches which are against each other. There are numerous parts of reasoning and the most well known of them are mysticism, morals, political way of thinking, and so forth theory is viewed as the mother of all the current sciences, in light of the fact that each science, similar to science, material science, and so forth attempts to address the inquiries associated with the source of life, motivation behind life and presence of the world. No big surprise, each current science is firmly associated with theory and has its experience in it. We will compose a custom exposition test on Philosophy Research Proposal explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Philosophy Research Proposal explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Philosophy Research Proposal explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Theory is the major science, which attempts to clarify all the procedures on the planet. There were numerous logicians who committed their life to the improvement of the control and introduced their hypotheses. In spite of the fact that the hypotheses and perspectives are totally unique, everybody can discover there something significant and valuable for him. At the point when an understudy has gotten intrigued by reasoning, he can attempt to set up an exploration proposition and win the chance to finish a decent research paper on it. An efficient way of thinking research proposition ought to be instructive, fascinating and contain fresh out of the plastic new thoughts bolstered with the solid proof from the dependable sources. In addition, an examination proposition is a sort of an influential composition, so an understudy ought to put forth a valiant effort to finish a coherent and all around organized brief paper with the intriguing substance. With the exception of a writing survey and philosophy parts an exploration proposition on the order has other troublesome minutes. As a matter of first importance it is structure and the way toward designing. With the assistance of the Internet and a free example look into proposition on reasoning one will handily see how to tackle these issues. In addition, a free model research proposition on theory is a top notch suggestion for understudies who don't know about the persuading ways regarding composing. At EssayLib.com composing administration you can arrange a custom research proposition on Philosophy themes. Your exploration paper proposition will be composed without any preparation. We employ top of the line PhD and Master’s journalists just to furnish understudies with proficient research proposition help at reasonable rates. Every client will get a non-copied paper with convenient conveyance. Simply visit our site and dispatch in the request structure with all proposition subtleties: Make the most of our expert research proposition composing administration!

Perspectives on Case Manager Project Research Paper

Viewpoints on Case Manager Project - Research Paper Example To some degree one, a group of two scientists completed an eighteen in-person talks with (Fattoruso and Quinn, 2007). Eminently, when one of two staff analysts was not accessible, either the meeting continuing was recorded or the venture lawyer carried on as, a substitute to keep up consistency of the meetings. All the more fundamentally, all partners partook willfully and were exposed to a similar arrangement of inquiries. The open-finished inquiries meet occurred at an area picked by the interviewee inside a normal time of 60 minutes. All the more along these lines, these meetings happened between October 2010 and December 2010 after the task had been in the market for a half year. The full arrangement of inquiries questions are situated in â€Å"Appendix A† of this report while underneath is a depiction of the all out number of interviewees and occupation classifications: Bench Officers: One full-time reliance court Judge and one reliance Judge working low maintenance in cr iminal cases. Lawyers: Five reliance attorneysâ€three singular meetings, gathering of two lawyers. Social Worker’ from the Human Services Agency, Children’s Services Division: Three crisis reaction social laborers, one Division Chief, and two treatment unit bosses regulating projects of gathering homes, private treatment, positions, selections, and initiation arranging. Region Unified School District Staff: One administrator secretary, and one youngster government assistance connected with authority of understudy records. Neighborhood Community Based Organization: A center gathering meeting comprising of one Executive Director, one Associate Executive Director of Programs, and one Clinical Program Manager. This organization gives a wide scope of administrations intended to encourage sound families. The researchers’ destinations of the partner talk with were to increase a comprehension and examine the task in wording ofâ€communication, objectives, cooperati on and coordinated effort, assets, and effects of the caseworker position Communication Researchers got a wide variety of reactions dependent on how regularly the stakeholder’s job spoke with the caseworker. All the more essentially, every partner had an alternate job and in this manner, correspondence with the caseworker occurred at various occasions and for various reasons. Just eleven percent of interviewees had the option to give analysts a recurrence of how frequently the correspondence happens. Another eleven percent expressed that correspondences happened by either telephone or email. Also, analysts got key data about caseload type(s) and reasons as, to why correspondence among partners is boundless or not. Prominently, one interviewee expressed that, â€Å"half of my cases have contact with the case manager†¦my caseload is up to 100.† Along similar lines, seventeen percent of interviewees referenced that in light of the fact that the caseload for the objec tive populace is so low, they barely ever run into each other (Fattoruso and Quinn, 2007). Then again, twenty-two percent of interviewees noticed that they have never worked with the caseworker. Also, the variety in reactions relied upon different settings. Seventeen percent of interviewees confirmed the way that their interchanges were in settings, for example, formal gatherings and reliance hearings. All the more fundamentally, twenty-two percent of interviewees gave instances of the instructive issues involving demands for school credits, graduation choices, school changes, and proceeding with training as, they worked with the c

Nucor in 2009 case C150

Presentation The case examination will concentrate on Nucor Corporation which is the best steel producing organization in the entire of America. The enterprise which is additionally recorded in the New York Stock Exchange is likewise one of the biggest reusing organizations for scrap metal in the Northern pieces of America.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Nucor in 2009 case C150 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization has a representative base of more than 20,000 workers and its total compensation as at 2009 was $293 million dollars (Box and Miller 9). Nucor Corporation is a decent decision for the case investigation on the grounds that as will be referenced in the examination, it has a one of a kind organization culture where the whole work power is non-unionized and under different remuneration plans. The enterprise likewise gloats of having progressed innovative gear, for example, the electric curve heaters which are utilized to s often scrap metal. The case examination will investigate the inner and outside condition of the organization by featuring the mission, targets and techniques of the company. A SWOT investigation will likewise be directed on the organization to decide its key qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers. Recorded Background Review The historical backdrop of Nucor Corporation falls into three unmistakable periods which incorporate the Reo Motor Car time, the Nuclear Corporation of America time and the current Nucor time. The Reo Motor Car period alludes to the first foundation of the enterprise which begins from auto vehicle maker Ransom E. Olds who in 1897 built up and established the Olds Motor Vehicle Company. The organization later came to be referred to as Oldsmobile and later as General Motors which is one of the world’s biggest vehicle makers. After Ransom E. Olds left the organization, he opened another organization known as REO Motor Car Company in the Lansing region of Michigan. In spite of the fame of the olds portable vehicle brand fabricated by REO, the deals were insufficient to support the tasks of the organization. The engine producer petitioned for financial protection in 1938 which in the end observed REO engine redesigning its activities to focus on the creation of trucks and yard cutters (Box and Miller 4). The authoritative rebuilding end up being fruitless and the organization was in the end auctions off to Bohn Aluminum and Brass Company in 1954. The offer of REO Motor Company prompted the Nuclear Corporation Era where the organization got known as the Nuclear Corporation of America Incorporated. Its workplaces were first moved to the Empire State Building in New York and afterward to Phoenix, Arizona after it started to encounter money related challenges in its business performance.Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re Nuclear’s endeavor to turn into an aggregate like different organizations during the 1950s and 60s saw the organization buying organizations, for example, Vulcraft Corporation which was a steel joint producer situated in Florence, South Carolina (Box and Miller 4). Regardless of this buy, the organization couldn't equal the initial investment and it petitioned for financial protection for the second time in 1965. The Board of Directors of the organization terminated Nuclear’s President, Kenneth Iverson, and started the quest for another senior supervisor who might guide the organization to a productive course. For two months, they couldn't locate an appropriate trade for Iverson, a circumstance which saw Samuel Siegel, a bookkeeper with Nuclear Company telling the Board of Directors that he would stay with the organization if Iverson was made President and he was made the Chief Financial Officer of the organization (Box and Miller 5). In the wake of auditing his pro position, the Board concurred that Iverson ought to remain the President of the organization while Siegel was selected the boss money related controller. Iverson and Siegel left on a rebuilding exercise that prompted the third authentic time of the organization known as the Nucor Era. Atomic moved its central station to Charlotte, North Carolina in 1966 with the goal that it would be close to the Vulcraft plant in Florence, South Carolina. Because of the troublesome costs, the organization was getting from most American steel makers, the leader of the organization chose to incorporate the exercises of Nuclear by building its first steel plant in 1968 inside the Darlington zone of South Carolina (Box and Miller 5). Atomic likewise chose to buy an electric curve heater that was intended to build the productivity and adequacy of its steel factories to twofold that of the conventional steel impact heaters. This saw the organization getting more requests and agreements for steel producin g administrations since it was presently working its own small plant. Atomic Company authoritatively changed its name to Nucor in 1972 after it understood that there was nothing atomic about delivering steel. Since that time, the organization has experienced significant development activities that have seen it buying and gaining extra organizations to support its tasks inside the American steel industry (Box and Miller 5).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Nucor in 2009 case C150 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nucor’s Mission, Objectives and Strategies The mission of Nucor Corporation is â€Å"to be the most secure, best, least cost, generally beneficial and most beneficial steel and steel items organization in the entire world†. The organization additionally endeavors to deal with its clients using the most secure, greatest, least expense and most beneficial steel items. To accomplish this crucial company has received a procedu re of being a social and ecological steward in the networks in which Nucor Corporation works. It additionally uses its duty to nature to guarantee that clients are happy with its items and administrations. The goals of Nucor Corporation are to decentralize the administration of the association to guarantee that there is execution based remuneration inside the association, to give quality client support items and administrations to the different customers of the organization and to participate in mechanical initiative exercises that will guarantee that the organization can progress in mechanical advancements (Nucor Ch.4). The organization has embraced a procedure that is intended to guarantee that it offers creative items while simultaneously returning speculations to the company’s investors. The administration framework is comprised of five levels which contain 75 individuals for the company that brags of having a representative base of more than 20,000. The organization is t o a great extent sectioned and each subsidiary of Nucor works as a free organization. All representatives profit by the business portions as they are run as individual business substances. Such vital administration has permitted the partnership to keep up a high level of enterprise among the different specialty units inside the company. The hindrance that exists among administrators and their representatives has been dispensed with as the company’s workers can appreciate indistinguishable advantages from those of more significant level chiefs (Nucor Ch.3). Outer Analysis: PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Political Analysis The business wherein Nucor works in faces overwhelming political impact from the world of politics in the United States which is normally influenced by races and presidential battles. The greater part of the seats in the US Congress and the Senate are typically intensely condemned by different players in the steel business. The fights th at occur between the Democrats and Republicans have put a great deal of weight on different individuals from the steel producing industry inside the US which has influenced the nature of crude materials provided to organizations, for example, Nucor.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More For instance, Republican Phil English who is the backer for the steel business inside Congress was behind the examination of the wellspring of low quality steel utilized in huge numbers of the assembling ventures in the US-Mexican fringe. English confronted a ton of analysis from his popularity based adversaries who saw his investigation to be an infringement of the purchase American items arrangement (McDaniels 2). Financial Analysis The declining quality of the American dollar has assisted American steel makers with exporting their steel to outside nations on the planet. Nucor had the option to send out 19.3 million tons of steel in 2007 when the impacts of the money related emergency started to be looked about the world. The interest for steel inside the nation anyway debilitated generally as a result of the emergency which prompted a decrease in building materials due to the low estimations of land property. Purchasing of property inside the nation kept on encountering a signific ant decay incompletely because of the sub-prime home loans segment which encountered an expansion in obtaining and loaning exercises as a result of the low financing costs charged on advances (Box and Miller 8). Social Analysis The company has received a work strategy that is intended to mirror the degree of correspondence that exists between the associations administrators and their representatives. All representatives working for Nucor Corporation are secured under any of the four fundamental pay plans created by the organization which incorporate the creation motivating force plans, division chief impetus plans and the expert/administrative extra plans. The creation motivating force extra plans are for the most part intended for representatives working in the creation and upkeep steel plants of the organization. Workers under this sort of reward plot are paid rewards on a week by week premise while those under the division administrator impetus plans are paid their rewards on a y early premise. The division supervisor reward pl

An Overview of Problem-Solving Therapy

An Overview of Problem-Solving Therapy Psychotherapy Print An Overview of Problem-Solving Therapy By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 10, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on September 10, 2019 Getty / Laflor More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Types of Problems Treated Therapy Framework Format Benefits Research on Problem Solving Therapy Problem-solving therapy is a form of therapy involves providing patients with tools to identify and solve problems that arise from life stressors, both big and small, to improve overall quality of life and reduce the negative impact of psychological and physical illness. History of Problem Solving Therapy Problem-solving therapy was first developed in Great Britain in the primary care context. It was designed to be an evidence-based treatment that doctors could use in their practices with their patients. Types of Problems Treated The primary use of problem-solving therapy is to address issues related to life stress and finding solutions to concrete issues. Thus, problem solving therapy can be applied to life problems that are typically associated with various psychological and physiological symptoms. When Problem Solving Therapy Is Advised Problem-solving therapy is advised for the following issues: common mental health issuesmanaging stressful life eventsdealing with the aftermath of a divorcecoping with the loss of a loved onestruggling after job lossstress related to a cancer diagnosisproblems associated with heart diseasestress due to the accumulation of minor life issues (e.g., long commutes, stressful job)struggles due to family problemsfinancial difficultiesproblems with relationshipsdesire to find more personal meaning in your lifecoping with everyday life stressorsbasic psychological and emotional issuesproblems that result from a medical illnessmental health issues resulting from life stressorsanxiety-related issuesproblems with self-harmfeeling unhappy in your work or in your homefor managing specific symptoms of depressionto address concrete problems in your life Your doctor or mental health professional will be able to advise whether problem-solving therapy could be helpful for your particular issue. In general, if you are struggling with real-life concrete problems that you feel you are having trouble finding solutions for, problem-solving therapy could be helpful for you. Whats the Difference Between a Counselor and a Psychotherapist? Therapy Framework In order to grasp how problem-solving therapy works, its helpful first to describe the framework or background to the therapy. Problem-solving therapy is based on a model of stress and well-being that takes into account the importance of real-life problem-solving. In other words, the key to managing the impact of stressful life events in terms of later problems with mental health is to know how to solve problems as they arise. There are two major components that make up the problem-solving therapy framework: Applying the problem-solving orientation to your life and using problem-solving skills. Applying the Problem Solving Orientation When you experience problem-solving therapy, you will learn how to apply the approach to all areas of your life. This means that you will start to see problems as challenges to be solved instead of insurmountable obstacles. It also means that you will recognize the time and systematic action that is required to engage in effective problem-solving techniques. For example, if you are living with depression or a medical illness, and struggling to eat healthy meals each day, you would see this as a problem that can be solved through a systematic plan that you take the time to implement. Using Problem Solving Skills The second component of problem-solving therapy is learning how to use problem-solving skills. This involves knowing how to identify the problem, defining it in a way that is helpful, trying to understand the problem in a deeper way, setting goals related to the problem, generating alternative creative solutions, choosing the best course of action, implementing the choice you have made, and evaluating the outcome to determine next steps. To break it down more specifically, problem-solving therapy uses a four-pronged approach: Problem definition and formulation: This step involves identifying the real-life problem that needs to be solved and formulating it in a way that allows for the generation of potential solutions. Generation of alternative solutions: This stage involves generating various potential solutions to the problem at hand in order to creatively address the life stressor in ways that you may not have previously considered. Decision-making strategies: This stage involves discussing different strategies for making decisions as well as identifying obstacles that may get in the way of solving the problem at hand. Solution implementation and verification: This stage involves implementing a chosen solution and then verifying whether it was effective in addressing the problem. Format of Problem Solving Therapy What is the format of problem-solving therapy? Lets take a look at the different features that it involves. Problem-solving therapy... takes place over anywhere from 6 to 16 sessionsinvolves sessions that can be anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours longtakes place through a collaborative process between therapist and patientis a type of cognitive behavioral therapy interventioncan take place one-on-one or in a group formatinvolves homework assignmentsinvolves psychoeducationcan be combined with other treatment approachesinvolves the development of personal empowerment of the patientcan be administered by a doctor or mental health professionalfocuses on developing an action planhelps you through the step-by-step details of how to solve life problemsfocuses on real-life problems that you are experiencing at the momentinvolves a series of stages of psychotherapy Problem-solving therapy is all about training you to become adaptive in your life so that you can develop a problem-solving attitude and the specific skills required to execute strategies in your life right now. Problem-solving therapy is also very practical in its approach and is only concerned with the present, rather than delving into your past. Benefits of Problem Solving Therapy What types of skills are developed during problem-solving therapy? Below are just some of the advantages that this type of therapy offers: The ability to make effective decisionsIncreased confidence to find creative solutionsKnowing how to identify which barriers will impede your progressBeing able to identify which stressors trigger your negative emotions (e.g., sadness, anger)Knowing how to manage these emotions when they ariseConfidence that you can handle problems that you faceThe ability to accept life problems that cant be solvedHaving a systematic approach on how to deal with lifes problemsReduced avoidance and increased action-takingThe development of patience (realizing that not all problems have a quick fix)Having a toolbox of strategies to solve the problems you face As you can see, there are numerous benefits to engaging in problem-solving therapy that may extend into all areas of your life. While other forms of psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy may be helpful for dealing with negative thoughts, problem-solving therapy is ideal if you are struggling with life problems and stressors and you dont feel well equipped with the necessary tools and strategies to solve your problems. Research on Problem Solving Therapy In order to understand whether problem-solving therapy might be effective for you, its helpful to consider the relevant research evidence. In general, there is research evidence supporting the use of problem-solving therapy for issues related to major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, some personality disorders, poor quality of life due to illness such as cancer or diabetes, suicidal ideation, and emotional distress. Meta-Analysis of 31 Studies In a meta-analysis of 31 studies that examined the efficacy of problem-solving therapy among 2895 participants, it was shown that problem-solving therapy was more effective than no treatment at all, treatment as usual, and attention placebo. However, it was not found to be more effective than bona fide treatments that were offered as part of the original studies. In addition, the researchers discovered that there were some factors that influence the effectiveness of problem-solving therapy. These included whether the therapy involved a component of problem orientation training and also whether there was homework assigned to participants. This suggests that the best format for problem-solving therapy will involve teaching you how to view problems as challenges to be overcome so that when you face new problems outside of therapy, you feel equipped to face them rather than avoid them. This also suggests that practical exercises, like the ones done during homework, are critical for allowing you to practice strategies so that they have a lasting impact. Meta-Analysis of Problem Solving Therapy for Depression In another meta-analysis of 21 studies using problem-solving therapy for depression, it was shown that problem-solving therapy was as effective as other psychosocial therapies and also as effective as antidepressant medication. It was also shown to be more effective than no treatment at all as well as an attention control. Once again, it was determined that problem-solving therapy was more effective when it included training in having a positive problem orientation. In other words, it was very important that when therapy was complete, you had a mindset that you would be able to solve your problems in the future. A Word From Verywell Problem-solving therapy is a specific type of psychotherapy designed to help you address problems in your life in an effective way. If you are living with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, chronic illness, or any other life stressors, problem-solving therapy could be an efficient solution to help you deal with your problems head-on rather than avoid them or feel as though you are a victim. If receiving problem-solving therapy from a doctor or mental health professional is not an option for you, you could also consider implementing it as a self-help strategy using a workbook designed to help you do just that. If youre not sure where to start, ask your doctor or another health professional for recommendations. In general, its also important to remember that problem-solving therapy is not a primary treatment for mental disorders. If you are living with the symptoms of a serious mental illness such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, this needs to be treated with evidence-based approaches for the particular concern. Rather, problem-solving therapy is best aimed at the person who has a mental or physical issue that is being treated separately, but who also has life issues that go along with that problem that has yet to be addressed. For example, if you cant clean your house or pay your bills because of your depression, problem-solving therapy could help. If a cancer diagnosis is interfering with your quality of life, problem-solving therapy could help. And if you just struggle in general with knowing how to approach and solve problems in your life rather than running away from them, problem-solving therapy could give you the tools you need to start creating effective solutions to your problems. If this sounds like you, problem-solving therapy could be the solution that youve been looking for. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Significance of Institutions Nadja, The Stranger, and Waiting for Godot - Literature Essay Samples

The Significance of Institutions: Nadja, The Stranger, and Waiting for Godot Our human society is ruled by institutions. We cannot even fathom a life without them. We might think we have freedom, but there is only a certain amount of freedom we are granted before we are labeled as crazy or insane and put somewhere where society cannot see us. In Andrà © Breton’s novella Nadja, Nadja herself was put into an insane asylum. In Albert Camus’ The Stranger, Meursault was sentenced to death by the French justice system. In the play Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett there is a complete lack of institution, that absence of a system makes the play very circular and based on free will. In all three works, institutions play a key role throughout the different stories from the resistance of the institution in Nadja, the acceptance of institution in The Stranger, and the complete lack of institution in Waiting for Godot. In Nadja, towards the conclusion of the novel, Nadja is placed in an insane asylum. Breton makes it clear that Nadja was institutionalized because of her social condition and of her atypical attitude: â€Å"Nadja was poor, which in our time is enough to condemn her, once she decided not to behave according to the imbecile code of good sense and good manners† (142). In this quote Breton touches on the idea that one can only act with a limited amount of leeway of their actions before they are treated like they are psychotic or maniacal. We might think we are free to do as we please, but we will never have true freedom. If one truly does what they please they will get ridiculed by society and be classified as â€Å"not normal† and is subject to even more ridicule by the public. This relates back to Nadja because towards the end of the novel Breton comes to the realization that he and Nadja never truly understood each other: â€Å"For some time, I had stopped understanding Nadja. Actually, perhaps we have never understood one another, at least about our way of dealing with the simple matters of existence. She had decided once and for all to take no account on them, to withdraw from the present moment, to make no difference from the trifling remarks which she happened to make and those others which meant so much to me, to ignore my momentary mood and my considerable difficulty in forgiving her worst fits of abstraction.† (130) When people do not truly understand each other, they get frightened and push away from them and make sure that they know they are different. This detached side of Nadja turns off Breton because she is supposed to be this enigma, at least in Bretons eyes. In Albert Camuss novel The Stranger, the protagonist is portrayed as a figure who is disconnected from everything in his life, even the death of his mother. Meursault gives off a sense of emotionlessness to the reader as soon as the novel begins. Throughout The Stranger, Meursault shows little to no emotion towards any event whatsoever. He focuses on necessities, like food, housing, and a job, instead of actually living and feeling things. Any person our society would consider normal would outwardly show emotions and would want to live their life, not just go through the motions of their life. The main disconnect we see from Meursault is during his hearing for the murder of an Arab man. We are given no reasoning as to why Meursault kills the Arab man, which is why his actions are hard to classify. Because there is no logical justification for why Meursault kills that man, the judge and the people in the jury try to construct an explanation of their own. The people in authoritative po sitions base their explanations on false assumptions. By imposing a rational order on logically unrelated events, the authorities make Meursault appear to be a worse character than he is. The jury and judge in Meursault’s trial make a story of what happened for him, based on other, unrelated events. The jury feels that he has to have a reason for killing the Arab man and that if Meursault didn’t provide a reason for committing the murder, then the court would make one for him. All the witnesses discuss Meursault, but they offer differing visions of his character. In each testimony, the meaning is constructed exclusively by the witness and Meursault has nothing to do with it. At the end of the day, when Meursault is sentenced to death and he is taken out of the courtroom, he is detached as ever: â€Å"It seemed to me then that I could interpret the look on the faces of those present; it was one of almost respectful sympathy. The lawyer placed his hand on my wrist. I ha d stopped thinking altogether. I heard the Judge’s voice asking if I had anything more to say. After thinking for a moment, I answered, â€Å"No.† Then the policemen led me out.† Camus illumination of the injustices of the justice system in The Stranger, makes the reader think about how unfair the justice system is in the present day. In Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett the lack of an institution leads to the play having no control or direction. In the sense of plot, there really is none, and in terms of character development, we are not offered that either. Beckett does not give the reader any previous knowledge or backstory of the characters. If he did, the play could possibly make more sense. Since there is a lack of institutions for the characters to abide by, lines get repeated and the plot never really goes anywhere. This is significant because without any rules or laws to abide by the characters are not forced to do anything, causing the characters to have the same conversation over and over. Waiting for Godot consists of two men, Vladimir and Estragon, unable to do anything significant while they wait for a mysterious man, Godot. The characters do not see waiting for Godot as a choice, but they see it more as a necessary part of their day. Even when they manage to make a conscious decision, they canâ₠¬â„¢t translate that mental choice into a physical act. They often decide to leave the stage, only to find that they are unable to move: â€Å"Estragon: Then adieu Pozzo: Adieu Vladimir: Adieu [Silence. No one moves] Vladimir: Adieu Pozzo: Adieu Estragon: Adieu [Silence]† Such inactivity leads to stagnancy and repetition in what seems like an endless cycle of their lives. The cause of this endless cycle is the lack of rules to follow, they have nothing to do but wait for this man whom they do not even know exists. If they were in a society with other, complex, individuals, then they might have gotten ridiculed for their behavior and been outcasted from wherever they were. But here, under the tree where the play is set, anything goes because nothing is stopping them from doing anything they want, even hanging themselves. The role of institutions, or lack thereof, play a large role in all three texts. From using mental institutions to classify and separate people we think are different, to illustrating the defects of the justice system, and the use of free will when there are no limitations on one’s behavior. Institutions are important because they govern the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community. Institutions are identified with a social purpose, transforming an individual and their intentions by mediating the rules that dictate suitable actions by societal standards.

Leadership Is Good And Bad Leadership - 954 Words

1. As per ref (a) the United States Coast Guard defines leadership as â€Å"You influencing others to achieve a goal.† Ref (b) defines leadership as â€Å"the ability to work through others to accomplish a task.† My definition of leadership is â€Å"Things you do to get people to do things†. My definition covers both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† leadership. I feel that I have been influenced equally as much by â€Å"bad† leadership as â€Å"good† leadership. I have observed as much of what not to do, as what to do. I occasionally find myself compelled to do something that was in the â€Å"what not to do† column. I feel that if it was not for the bad experiences I would have had to learn a lot of the â€Å"what not to do† lessons on my own. For instance, I have worked for a number of Department Heads, but one in particular focused on making changes immediately, whether needed or not; mostly not. Further, the way he approached the change was, â€Å"do this because I said so† and â€Å"I don’t know how you all got along without me†. Input was not solicited and unsolicited input was not considered. Conversely, I have worked for Department Heads that wouldn’t make any unnecessary changes, and any changes that were made were implemented only after discussion with the department or division supervisors. It was no coincidence that the latter Department was more functional under this style of leadership. It is this style of leadership that I attempt to emulate. 2. The three behaviors I have chosen to focus on improving are as followsShow MoreRelatedGood Leadership And Bad Leadership892 Words   |  4 Pagesingredient in effective communication. It’s the foundational principle that holds all relationships†-Stephen Covey. We all know the difference between good leadership and bad leadership and have dealt with both kinds of leaders in the workplace. Great leaders tend to be easier to recognize and remember, they are who we here about for decades. Bad leaders all tend to have the same trait and that is they lack trustworthiness. Leaders like this tell people what they want to hear and not the actual truthRead MoreGood And Bad Leadership Influences During My Career Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pages1. My Leadership definition – Guiding and inspiring individuals and groups to efficiently complete a common goal while fostering an environment of mentorship, personal growth, teamwork, and empowerment while utilizing an individual ’s strengths and addressing their weaknesses. Leadership is situational and has to be adapted to a certain point to play to those individual strengths and weaknesses to find the right balance to achieve the goal. Leadership is about understanding yourself, how you interactRead MoreBad Leadership Theories1212 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract When I think of bad or evil leadership, I think the power between leaders and followers are often locked in a complicated dance of sorts. Leadership today is a phenomenon, which implies that a leader, by nature, is someone wise and inspirational. However, it is better to understand that sometimes a leader is driven by darker forces, as well as their followers. Leadership can be painted in shades of gray, sometimes in black and bad leadership is as ubiquitous as it is insidious. ThisRead MoreWhat Makes A Bad Leader And How They Can Improve1614 Words   |  7 PagesBackground I work Fulltime at Electrical Supply Company and I have observed many types of leaders in my time working both as a manger and as an employee. For the purpose of this assignment I am going call this person John Doe. He is a bad leader because he lacks compassion, integrity, and the will to see things through. During my time working their I have had this manger chastise me in front of my employees causing me to lose credibility. Also, when he visits the store he is always on his phone sometimesRead MoreLeadership As A Good Leader946 Words   |  4 Pages1. Leadership is the ability to create an environment in which people want to put their best efforts forward. Creating this environment takes trust which is gained by leading by example, setting standards and holding people accountable. To set these environments leaders must understand what motivates the people they lead. People are motivated by different styles and a leader must understand the individuals needs and tend to those need s. Leadership is dynamic and a good leader changes to meet theseRead MoreManagement And Leadership : Costa Coffee Shop Ltd1414 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and leadership Costa Coffee Shop Ltd Report Introduction In every corner of a successful organisation, management and leadership has a strong connection, cannot divide one from another because both has to complement each other in many ways. Many authors and theorists argued that management is completely different skill than leadership and others just insist that leadership is a skill of a management studies in which needed to be updated with the world permanent variables of globalisationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Black Hearts 1405 Words   |  6 Pagesmy eyes to how leadership from a single Officer can have a grappling effect on such a wide range of soldiers from the lowest of ranks. One of the best takeaways from Black Hearts is to never do anything: illegal, unethical, or immoral. Although this is a easy statement to repeat, Black Hearts demonstrates the difficulties that lie behind these words. It has also painted a picture of how leadership can topple extremely quickly from a top down view. The Army is portrayed in a bad ligh t throughoutRead MoreBad Leadership : What It Happens? Why It Matters? Essay957 Words   |  4 Pages Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Barbara Kellerman’s Bad Leadership provides specific accounts on how leaders can use his or her power and influence by convincing followers to conduct immoral and unethical acts. Her book takes a different approach from discussing the positive aspects of successful leaders and details the dark side of individuals. The focus of bad leadership is a valuable lesson forRead MoreJustin Robison, Controller And Cfo For The Housing Trust1319 Words   |  6 PagesNew Mexico. Justin’s leadership style has developed from experience and education, but he appears to still be in the process of really finding what style works best for him. Justin had an insightful view of what defines leadership, what helps motivate his followers, and what makes a good follower. Justin’s leadership style is based on individuals. He truly wants to understand his team members and what motivates them. He said his inspiration for developing his leadership style is â€Å"My worst bossRead MoreLeadership As A Leader s Followers904 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership cannot be universally defined or measured, which makes it challenging to completely understand. Bad leadership is even harder to grasp, because most individuals see the aftermath of their actions, but fail to see that the leader must have possessed some good leadership traits. The topic of leader is interesting because even though more information is needed in this area of study, the topic has been studied for thousands of years. Where once only a few studies were conducted, thousands

The Factors That Have Led To Financial Crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1818 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The world had faced two major financial disasters during 20th century. The first crisis happened during 1920-30, which mainly affected the developed countries like Europe and America. Second crisis started in 1997 and stayed till 1999, mainly affected developing economies of Asia pacific. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Factors That Have Led To Financial Crisis" essay for you Create order The recent financial crisis which has awakened the whole world mainly resulted from unregulated financial market. It has created serious anxiety because it falls outwards from U.S, the starting point. Alan Greenspan recently called it a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“once-in-a-century credit tsunamià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, born of a collapse deep inside the US housing sector. In order to avoid complete meltdown, governments and central banks worked day and night. Trillions of dollars have been allocated to financial institutions by the governments to recover from the crisis in the United States alone Who were the culprits of financial crisis? It is impossible to held just single factor responsible for such a big mass in the absence of other factors. In my research i want to analyse the contribution of each factor but the questions arise in my mind is How did Lehman Brother, the fourth largest investment bank in USA failed? Why majority of financial institutions failed in compare to other institutions? This surly point towards irresponsible activities by financial institutions in their main business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"LENDINGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. So focus of my research is to find out the dominant role of easy lending in present crisis along with other factors. The effect of financial crisis 2008 was such sever that even allocating huge amount to address the issues proven insufficient to resolve it. Congress approved $700 billion in response to the problem. Federal reserve spend $1.3 trillion to bail out markets and institution that includes investments in risky assets, loans to bankrupt institutions, sharing such debt which were defaulting at faster rates (Morris, 2008). A further $900 billion were allocated as lending to large corporations (Aversa, 2008), reaching the total of nearly $3 trillion as bailout package so far, without even adding the big amount of corporate debt promised by the U.S government year before the crisis An understanding of the root causes of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“colossal failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that has put à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the entire financial systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Woellert and Kopecki, 2008) is necessary to avoid such failures in the future. Number of factors can be held responsible for financial crisis which emerged over number of years. Causes proposed include the following sub-prime mortgages/ easy lending Poor credit rating Failure of regulators Shadow banking Securitization Credit default swap Mortgage backed securities Assets backed commercial paper etc . Aims and Objective Aim of this research is to understand the root causes of financial crisis particularly lending practises as a major factor. Objective To explore the history of financial crisis To evaluate who were the victims and culprits of financial crisis Impact of financial crisis on other countries (UK, USA, India, Japan) What steps are being taken by government to overcome crisis What could be done to prevent repetition of crisis in future? Literature Review: How did we get to this point? Surprisingly it all started from residential mortgages in the U.S. It had become apparent from 2004 that mortgages issued to majority of consumers did not make any rational sense. Situation was more worsted by so called mortgage brokers who issued mortgages to many insolvent consumers in order to generate outsized fees. On other hand new financial vehicles called mortgage-backed securities (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“MBSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) rated by well know credit rating agencies were introduced by Wall Street. These high yielding mortgage-backed securities were bought by investors from all over the world which increased funding for new mortgages. Appraiser ignored all rules to meet the increasing demand of mortgage applications. Federal Reserve board appointed by congress in 1994 to regulate mortgage lenders decided to watch the game from pavilion. Finally as the bubble accelerates, there is necessary reckoning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" house prices collapsed. This is how g reediness and irresponsibility resulted into a biggest financial crisis (Schmudde, 2008). Sub-prime mortgages which are always blamed for financial crisis is only a component of the deeper problem. The value of credit default swaps, which was originally estimated to be $55 trillion by the securities and exchange ( 4 times higher then the actual figure) are totally unregulated and majority of them were contracted over the phone without any verification, is the root cause from which all the problems of crisis started (Simon, 2008). Regulators had forecasted the problem of present crisis years in advance were not taken seriously because of the successful business by the same financial institutions which are either bankrupt or funded by the government (Associated Press, 2008). According to Bernanke (2009) and Portes (2009) global imbalances are the fundamental cause of the crisis and it is not possible to fully understand present crisis without considering the issue of global imba lances. As per Jagannathan, Kapoor, and Schaumberg (2009) imbalances in labour supply can assist to understand the present crisis. Acharya and Richardson(2009), and Acharya and Schnabl (2009) argue that banks were suppose to transfer the risks to end investors while securitising, particularly in the case of asset-backed commercial paper and purchase of AAA-rated tranches but they never did which led them to huge pool of credit risks. Schmudde (2009) documents that no verification of consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s income were done while issuing sub-prime mortgages. Many of them were issued for or close to 100% of the house price. Even borrowers with bad credit history easily managed to get mortgages. This is one of the reasons for huge growth in subprime mortgages which increased from $35 billion to $807 billion between1995 to 2005. According to Bartlett (2008) decline of US subprime mortgage triggered the crisis, the impact of the down fall was tremendous; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mark-to-marke t losses on mortgage backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, and related assets through March 2008 were approximate $945 billion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? He further said that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The largest financial loss in historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, in compared to $780 billion of 1990 Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking crisis, lost accrued from Asian crisis of 1997-98 about $420 billion. . While explaining the reason how did this crisis turn into a global crisis, Khatiwada and McGirr (2008) stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many of these Sub-prime mortgages actually never made it on the balance sheets of the lending Institutions that originated themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?; and such mortgages by rating them high were made attractive to world investors, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“when sub-prime borrowers failed to repay their mortgages, the originating institution needed to finance the foreclosure with their own money, bringing the asset back on its balance sheet. This left many banks in a financially unviable situati on, in a rather short, unmanageable timeframeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. According to Mian and Sufi (2008) increased demand for mortgage backed securities led to lending boom which is the root cause of present crisis. Whalen (2008) argues that three main factors are at the root of the problem. First, many companies, banks, and government agencies were encouraged to increase the viability of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“affordable housingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by introducing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“creative financing techniquesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Second, big number of over-the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"counter derivatives and securities were issued by majority of financial institutions due to huge support by the regulators, led to a breakdown in safety and soundness at banks and securities lenders. And the last factor is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fir value accountingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? an ill-advised by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the financial accounting standards board (FASB) to all public company to change the reporting standa rds. The nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest subprime lender, Ameriquest Mortgage co., gave more then US$20 million as a political donation. Other financial institutions like citigroup inc., wells Fargo co., donated huge amount on political side and on lobbying. This donation helped these institutions to persuade legislators to pass predatory-lending laws which might have contributed to present crisis to some extent (Simpson, 2007). According to Shiller (2008) the following factors played very big role in present crisis: Strategy of home ownership which encourage even those who could not afford one. The link between mortgage originator and receiver of payments broke due to mortgage securitization. Because of this there was no reason for mortgage originator to verify the solvency of borrowers. Many loans were issued at low interest rate or even at zero rates with the use of new financial techniques but afterwards rate were increased too high. Research Methodology Methodology plays a very crucial role in how research will be carried out. Methodology is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an explanation of why you collected certain data, what data you collected, from where you collected it, when you collected it, how you collected it and how you analysed ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Collins, 2003). The researcher requires an interviewer or observer skills to gather data in the qualitative methods. This method requires collecting and analysing the data and applying the statistical tests (Riley, 2004). Qualitative research interprets opinion of the people in the sample, their way of looking at the subject, what they feel about subject and the dynamic interpret feeling on the subjects (Guari, 2005). The quantitative method mainly uses research instruments to gather, analyse and measure the data. Quantitative approach is more subjective approach. Quantitative approach includes analysing and reflecting on perception to understand social and human activities (Collins, 2003). The m ain purpose of this chapter is to explain and justify the primary research method which I have chosen to carry out my research. This chapter will also explain the significance of secondary data and state what sources of secondary data i will be using. Source of Acquisition of data Primary data Primary data collection means to collect new data of subjects for specific purpose. The different methods of collecting primary data are questionnaire, interview and sampling (Saunders, 2003). For my research it is very important to get some primary data to understand the topic in practical sense. By taking interview of the head of financial institution, will add extra value to my research and will broaden my understanding of topic as a whole. I will be collecting my primary data through interview with Mr Mitesh Sheth, Deputy Head of Henderson Global Investors. The main focus of interview will be to get their opinion about how did this crisis started, what was there response etc. I am also trying to contact few other key people but too early to mention anything about them yet. Secondary Data Secondary data means data collected previously for some purpose. The main sources of such data are library, internet, articles, business journals, research organization (Saunders, 2003). Methods of data analysis After collecting primary and secondary data the next stage is to evaluate or analyse the collected data. To convert data into graphs will be the easiest way to analyse the data. Hypothesis I will be analysing total amount of lending by US banks to solvent and insolvent borrowers and comparing their rate of default to conclude my research. Work Plan   Proposal submit 21st June literate review 31st July Preparation for interview 5th August Interview of selected person 10th August Analysis of data 20th August Start writing reports 15th September Draft report 10th October Final report October end On successfully completion of my dissertation I hope to come to a positive conclusion. I will utilise all the recourses available to me in order to draw out conclusion. Such as charts, graphs, historical data, interview, questionnaires etc.

Nuclear Energy On The World - 1169 Words

Will Kaelin Professor Michael McCormick Environmental Science B 6 December 2015 Nuclear Energy In Our World Take a look back into time, picture yourself as a citizen of a small, rural town in in Cambria, England in the late 1950s. Other forms of power are expensive and far away. And you don t the finances to move into a modern town. Would you be in favor or against the building of a factory that could give your town jobs, power and much more? I probably know what the majority would say. It all sounds great, but in the long run, we can t just think about ourselves. All around, Nuclear Energy is what people refer to as risky business. Nuclear Energy has many cons of the production and usage of itself such as Radioactive Waste,†¦show more content†¦You would think after what happened in Chernobyl that our world would come to a realization that we do not need this; Yes it is an effective form of warfare that is used commonly on occasions of mass terror, but it needs regulation. According to worldnuclear.com, There are 435 commercial nuclear power plants in 31 countries. To broaden yo ur horizon as to how much of a crucial form of energy this is for our country. According to the United States National Regulation Commission, Currently there are one hundred certified and energy producing nuclear power plants in the United States, there are sixty five Pressurized Water Reactors along with thirty four Boiling Water Reactors ( I assume the USNRC made an error on their website as sixty five plus thirty four equals ninety nine). These plants provide about twenty percent of our countries electricity. According to the NEI (Nuclear Energy Intuition) and many other valid sources, There are other forms of energy that are vastly worse than Nuclear Energy; such as Solar Energy ( Solar Energy is the harvesting of heat and light from new forms of technology such as the use of Photovoltaics ( Photovoltaics is an up and coming procedure in the process of harvesting Solar Energy in which Solar Panels are used to collect Solar Energy from the sun, and turning that Solar Electricity into direct electricity currents by using semiconductors which are Crystalline

The Effect Of The Great Depression Essay - 1500 Words

There is much debate as to what caused the Great Depression. There was certainly the short-term trigger of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, but there are also long-term causes that manifested itself during the 1920’s. Whether it is the shift from coal to electricity that negatively affected those invested with the old technology, or a shift more to trucks and cars to transport goods instead of railroads, or perhaps that farmers were losing their farms because over over-investment during the late 1910’s, many factors can be identified as a cause. But we can also look at the consumer as one of the root causes, as well. Consumer behavior contributed heavily to causing both the stock market crash and the Great Depression. Consumerism and its accompanying advertising exacerbated the conditions that led to the Great Depression. First, consumers spent a lot of their income on new products and they were persuaded to do so through advertising. The 1920’s brought about changes in American culture, like music, sports and literature. But in addition to those, cultural attitudes toward women also began to shift. The double standard that had plagued women was now being lifted and that opened up an entirely new market for businesses (Payne, 33). The advertising industry expanded their targets and utilized what they learned during World War I (from Creel’s Committee for Public Information) in how to not only let customers know what products exist, but to entice and persuadeShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Its Effects1166 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Depression The Great Depression is one of the single most important events in the financial history of the United States and the world; the effects of and leading to the Great Depression lasted for several years (Shindo). The great depression was a very difficult time in the time that it occurred. It hit people hard and left an everlasting memory (Shindo.) It would lead to a lot of devastating events better all over would feel the affect of this crisis. It was a very unexpected and suddenRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects1011 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Depression was a ten year, economic downward spiral in the U.S that spanned from 1929- 1939. The cause of the Great Depression was the fault of several contributing factors. First was the stock market crash that occurred on black Tuesday of October 1929. This was the major cause because stock holders lost more than 40 billion dollars, and although it regained some of its losses, by end of 1930 truly entered the Great depression. Stock prices reached a permanent plateau. 2 out of everyRead MoreEffects Of The Great Depression1329 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 8 3/12/2015 The Effects of the Great Depression The Great Depression, the worst economic recession in US history. In October 1929 the U.S. stock market crashed. This event is commonly referred to as the beginning of the Depression. The stock market crashed in New York causing the rest of America to fall. It was not just one factor, but a combination of domestic and worldwide conditions that led to the Great Depression. There are many theories of what caused the Great Depression, however, they areRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects2007 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"My parents survived the Great Depression and brought me up to live within my means, save some for tomorrow, share and don t be greedy, work hard for the necessities in life knowing that money does not make you better or more important than anyone else. So, extravagance has been bred out of my DNA.† This quote from a child who was born and raised during the Great Depression is telling us something that used to be true to nearly everybody and is not as true as it should be today. This is an ideaRead MoreThe Effects Of The Great Depression4304 Words   |  18 PagesPaper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Paper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Modern World History Instructed by Dr. Stephanie Laffer Miami International University of Art and Design Abstract Never had the flaws of capitalism been so evident or as devastating as during the decade that followed the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929. All across the Euro-American heartland of capitalist world, this vaunted economy systemRead MoreThe Effect Of The Great Depression1278 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated many times. Welfare has good and bad aspects to it. The welfare system came about when the stock market crashed in October of 1929. The stock market crashing had a huge effect on the economy. Banks started to fail, businesses closed, and thus millions of people lost their jobs. The effect of the Great Depression was crucial. It was particularly hard on the children. President Franklin Roosevelt focused on two topics. One was the most important to him; it was to create jobs for the millionsRead MoreThe Great Depression Effects On America1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression had a profound effect on the generation that lived through it, with many people struggling j ust to get by, and the crisis lasted for years. An entire decade was shaped by this event and so were its people. Because of the effects of the Great Depression, essentially everyone had to change their lifestyle and their daily routines. Because of these tough times, the American outlook on life was grim, the Great Depression lasted for over a decade and no one knew when it was goingRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Great Depression Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesGrace Young Dr. John R. Dabrowski American History II, AMH-2020-H01 7 December 2016 Global Effects of the Great Depression When the American stock market crashed on the infamous Black Tuesday in October 1929, the resulting circumstances were felt worldwide. This crisis resulted in a devastating economic collapse. The ensuing Great Depression was in fact a global event. The world was not immediately engulfed by this wave of economic decline. The timing of economic events varied greatly among nationsRead MoreThe Effect of the Great Depression Worldwide765 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Depression was a major economic disaster which left the people of the world shocked. Many countries were already left in a bad position due to the effect of World War I. Countries that bought and sold on the international market were affected. The United Kingdom, France, and Germany were just a few of the affected countries that had a difficult time getting their country back to great economic shape. The United Kingdom finished World War I a few years prior to the Great Depression, andRead MoreEffects Of The Great Depression On Society1500 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican may remember horror stories of the effect the Great Depression had on society. Although devastating it was not the first time workers had the task to endure the financial difficulties of an impending recession. The Panic of 1792, where two situations occurred almost simultaneously which produced the first financial crisis. This was the first time which Americans experienced a bank run when US securities and bank stock prices started to increase. During the Revolutionary war I, the US

Music Piracy Is a Good Thing Free Essays

Music Piracy is a Good thing Pirating music is one of the most common crimes in the world that happens everyday. However, ones you read this essay, I hope you will see this issue from a different perspective, it may not look like such a terrible crime after all. Most successful artists make in the tens of millions every year according to eHow. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Piracy Is a Good Thing or any similar topic only for you Order Now com. If that’s the truth, how badly is piracy really hurting these people? If music piracy is effecting the artist so much then why do majority of the artists are living in mansions bigger than the White House? If pirating music hurts musicians income so badly it would show, and after all this time of pirating music it hasn’t. Music piracy benefits artists more than it hurts, therefore it should be legal. Music piracy is mostly committed by people who are everyday people who have average income jobs and have families who end up being sued by big record companies over downloading music for free. It seems a bit to greedy when you look at the difference in pay between the artist and the people who download the songs. ( †¦) say that the people who pirate the music are more likely to go to the show and buy the albums after downloading music (Ernesto). Also, people who pirate music tracks are very likely to develop an connection to the bands orartists and that will lead to them attending the shows, buying albums and merchandise. When putting this issue in perspective, record companies are just looking for money without any consideration for the ways of getting it. Record companies start suing people who have downloaded music for ridiculous amount of money in attempt to intimidate and scare off the fellons from downloading music illegally. The main groups affected are college kids that don’t have the money. Sarah Barg was a sophomore at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Sarah received an email from a label company stating that she owed $3,000 to the Recording Industry Association of America (Bratton). For that amount,, Sarah would be paying $7. 87 for each song. Majority of the songs she pirated were from the eighties and weren’t even relevant anymore, and yet she was battling record company’s in court over them them. Sixty students like Sarah at UNL received the same similar, as well as hundreds sent out to over sixty other universities across the country. Not knowing ow else to handle the situation, Barg contacted her parents and they had to cover her settlement. â€Å"I don’t know what I would have done. I’m only 20 years old,† says Barg. Well over five hundred students across the states have paid settlements to avoid being sued. â€Å"I see it as bullying,† UNL freshman Andrew Johnson says, â€Å"Legally, it makes sense, because we donâ⠂¬â„¢t have the money to fight back. † Johnson illegally downloaded one song and settled $3,000 to avoid being sued for one song. The money used came from the 18 year old’s college fund and he now has to work two jobs to compensate for his losses. The record companies seem to target those can’t fight back. In 2007, major record companies such as Warner music groups, Warner Bros Records, Inc. , and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, tried to sue a young girl from Texas named Whitney Harper for illegally downloading music from file sharing networks on the internet (Malisow). Whitney was at the time was sixteen years old and was being sued for a minimum of $750 per song when Whitney downloaded thirtyseven songs. That is a little over $20,000 and she is only sixteen years old. Harper tried to use the Innocent Infringer Act that would reduce fees to $200 per song. In order to accomplish that, Harper had to prove she was unaware of the copyright laws by claiming that the copyright notice placed on cds were not on the file sharing networks on the Internet therefore she was unaware. The companies referred to the sixteen-year-old as a â€Å"long term massive infringer† of copyright laws. Harper warned that if the companies won the case that downloading music off the Internet could never be innocent infringement. The Harper case is one the few after many years still going through federal court. The companies had stated they were going to begin transitioning away from suing individuals and find better means of fixing the issue. After years of record companies using an intimidation method to fix the pirating problem, it got them nowhere because the amount of pirates only went up, and the efforts by the companies were in most cases useless. According to the Wall Street Journal, they attempted suing many single mothers, a thirteen-year-old girl, and a dead peope. The new approach is for the companies to work with Internet service providers and when music is eing pirated the user receives a warning that they will lose Internet service if they continue(WSJ. com). The companies still reserve the right to sue if someone is a heavy violator or has ignored several warnings, but even with this new system, it still seems like the companies are only out for money, but in an attempt to escape negative attention from the media, they change their approach. According to The Independent, peo ple who illegally download music also spend more money on music, concerts, merchandises than anyone else. The Secretary of State for Business, Peter Mandelson, stated that the record companies new approach to crack down on illegal down loaders by cutting off internet service could potentially harm the music industry more than help it. â€Å"The people who file share are the ones who are interested in music. They use file sharing as a discovery mechanism. † The artists also have mixed opinions over file sharing, some such as James Blunt and Lily Allen are anti-piracy and Shakira is pro-piracy(Shields). Sites have come out with monthly bills for unlimited music plans that seem fairer. Some artists don’t feel affected by file sharing and support the fact that piracy creates a bigger fan base for them. Bands like Angels and Airwaves have produced free records so copyright wasn’t an issue. They figure that the fans will still come see them play and record sales aren’t the only thing to being in a successful band. Some artists don’t seem to realize that. Most artists make plenty off of record sales even with a piracy problem, so court cases and law suits on everyday people by record companies seems a bit greedy and selfish. Even with the new laws, they are still pushing to stop this unstoppable problem. Today music piracy is referred to as a dead issue. Most cases that are still pending are being dropped. This year a $54,000 fine on a single mother of four was dropped by the U. S. District Court Judge, Micheal Davis, who stated piracy is â€Å"no longer monstrous and shocking. The need for deterrence cannot justify a two million verdict for stealing and distributing twenty-four songs for the sole purpose of obtaining free music†(physorg. om). Thomas Rasset was convicted in 2007 and was ordered to pay $220,000, but the judge who presided over the trial called off the verdict, saying it was â€Å"wholly disproportionate and oppressive. † Her case was one of the thousands that had actually made it to court. In 2011, with new laws, these cases should not be forgotten about. The people who lost cases should be compensated and apologized to because they did nothing other than have an interest in the artist. How to cite Music Piracy Is a Good Thing, Essay examples

Life in the Shadow A Article

Question: Describe about the Life in the Shadow for A Article. Answer: Tremendous changes in technology have brought ways of doing things. The reproduction of human beings has evolved especially after of clones. Clones are copies of people with the same genetic composition. Cloning was done successfully in sheep (Dr. Wilmut 1997). Successful cloning was after that established in human and was successful. It gave identical copies to the original people. This Act was very controversial as people argued whether it was wrong or right to do cloning of human being. Later the cloning was abolished in many countries as it was seen unethical and with man problems. Life in the shadow was an argument that exposed the effects of human cloning. Firstly, that cloning provided the clones no choice but to live the lives of the original copies. If the original copies lived a life full of problems and not very good, the clones had no option but to have same life or not have any life at all. Secondly, the argument suggested that clones but put up for adoption to avoid knowledge of the original copy to the human parents of the clone. These both arguments are confusing. It doesn't make any sense to have a clone and place it for adoption never to see it again. Were it not for the genes of the original copy the clone could not exist and therefore, the life of the clone depends on the original and should be appreciated no matter the case. It is evident nothing that cloning of human beings is important in several ways. An infertile couple can use cloning to have babies which they are related to them genetically. These will help the couple avoid marriages problems caused by lack of children. Technology has led to the emergence of gays and lesbians' marriages and therefore, if the couples want children they may use cloning to get children they are somehow related genetically, and this reduces loneliness among the couples. Marriages were one of the couples has a hereditary disease the cloning can help the couple get children who are not sick with the disease. Cloning can be lifesaving as it may provide organs for transplant. These acts as a transplant donor insurance. The patients can get the body parts from the clones since they are genetically identical. The organs can be the heart, eyes, lungs, etc. (Kahn 1989). The death of loved ones I very painful and therefore cloning may help the family get a copy of the dead pers on, and this can console the family. The family can have a company of the same copy of the deceased, and they may never feel the loss. Great people can be cloned to provide their copies to ensure their character traits are expanded and used within a wide range. Doing cloning is a great achievement has it shows the development of the scientific knowledge, and this is a good gesture of what innovations may arise in the future. These demonstrate the possibility of increase medical welfare where all diseases will have a cure. Cloning has many challenges despite the advantages people perceive in the modern world. Cloning of genius and talented people is good, but there is no assurance that the cloned person will have the same attributes. The clones are entirely different from the original copies. (Thomas 1994). Cloning people for scientific knowledge is unethical. Clones cannot be human subjects of research. These very wrong as they grow with no consent on the behavior and character trait. Reproduction freedom is paramount to ensure that the children born free to control what happens in their lives but not to be tied to actions of another person (Walter 1982). People also have a right to live not to be exploited, imagine people or government made copies of a person with limited abilities they may end up using them as slaves (Huxley 1932). Also, clones of evil leaders like Hitler would make the world very peaceful place. Cloning exposes the clones to psychological distress. The parents of the clones expect them to behave like the original copies and this may not be the case. Problems may arise as the clones have pressure to accomplish what is by the original copies (Rainer 1978). Cloning in animals is efficient and safe but I don't this can be done to the human. The man is prone to error and tenancy to find more. The risk to clones can arise where the experts use them as subjects of research not knowing that they are human beings and deserve better lives just as the other people (Pollack 1993). Human life is sacred and unique; the emergence of clones may render human life useless as people can have a replacement. The clones can be used as substitutes if the original copy has problems. The government may kill vocal individuals who bring problems and create identical copies which they can manipulate to their desires. Since the human life through cloning loses value, individuals, and the government may spend more resources in cloning and neglect the critical and social need of the people in the society. These can lead to poor living standards and underdevelopment of countries. (labor 1984 Callahan 1993). The world is full of business persons who use every opportunity to create a market with the aim of making more profits. In the modern society, cloning is for commercial gains, and this may degrade the activity. People and organization may use the activity for financial gain. The business world there is a bargain, and we know that the best quality products are costly. Although the costly are the best as the customer, you can get goods and services according to your pocket size. When cloning becomes a business, this may mean that the quality of clones may is small, this can create a great danger to the clones (Turner 1981). Programs of eugenicists like Herman Mueller earlier in the century to impregnate thousands of women with the sperm of extraordinary men, as well as the more recent establishment of sperm banks of Nobel laureates, have met with little or no public interest or success (Adams 1990). People prefer sexual means of reproduction, and they prefer to keep their biological ties to their offspring. Clones are not allowed to growth freely as their strings attached to them. The expectations that the clones with being like the original copy both regarding appearance and behavior. In the modern society there are many vices, and therefore, the clones can be used to commit fraud or criminal activities. Making a copy of a famous person without their consent, for example, a leader may be used to tarnish his name or do a criminal activity with his copy. The clone will be utilized as toys and manipulated as to the people's desire. The act of using the clones as sources of body parts for human transplant is using them as spare parts, and this is immoral since they are people just as us with brain and heart. Cloning dead people may traumatize the people. Imagine seeing your dead friend or wife again, and you surely buried the person. These very horrifying to the public. Clones and the original copies may have conflicts. Clones look similar and with almost same behaviors as the original, an d this may bring competition. Twins born may not look similar but almost end up competing as it is human nature to feel superior to the other and this may cause high dangers. People tend to treat clones as not human which is very wrong, before the abolishment of cloning, clones were locked up to be used as spare parts to the original copies, and this was inhuman. In the case of any disappearance, are killed after being found. Despite the abolishment of cloning am sure it has not been done completely as secretive cloning takes place where influential people try to make their copies to live long. Humanity is if full of wickedness and people always tend to love the prohibited things. It is right that cloning is a great achievement to the world of modern science but the problems it can cause to the world are a lot. Limitation of cloning is necessary to prevent the streets being full of the similar person, and the ability to differentiate would be impossible. Countries can clone more sol diers, and the ruthless leader may clone their copies to use for body transplant not to ever die. It would be catastrophic. Cloning is a great thing but threatens the race of humankind. Through it, the people may be extinct. Imagine the world in which anyone has a copy of himself or herself. The clones and the original copies may engage in the war of superiority. These may be a battle of fighting our shadows. It is unknown how the clone may turn up to be regarding behavior as not all the time they are similar to the original clones. Scientists may create monsters not knowing, and this can be a great tragedy to the world. Human beings are not subjects to experiments as life is paramount. Clones of animals are enough, and scientist must be satisfied with that. Everything scientifically modified has effects and therefore the clones might have significant effects which can be very dangerous. Also, human cloning would result in persons' worth or value seeming diminished because we would now see people as able to be manufactured or "handmade." This creation of human life would reduce o ur appreciation and awe of it and its natural production. It would be a mistake, however, to conclude that a human being created by human cloning is of less value or is less worthy of respect than one produced by sexual reproduction. The argument life in the shadow is morally decisive as it tries to point out the reasons against cloning. The case gives the basis of seeing what reproductive human cloning is despite the fact that it is not in depth to give room for the conclusion that it is wrong completely. Truly, human reproductive cloning is necessary but also has many problems that it is likely to create in future. It should be therefore observing critically to see whether to be allowed in future or not. I strongly disagree its allowance in future as a human being don't follow the rules and regulations laid down. People are primitive and despites steps put for executing cloning they may end up not following them. It is better to prevent something than to cure as the repercussion may be great and far reaching. Sometimes the cure is never found for some incidence and therefore prevention is the best mechanism to be undertaken in the case of the cloning issues. It is both immoral and has many unethical matters that reduce the human dignity. Life should be treated with care and respected by all people for better future. Due to most moral reasons against doing human cloning remain speculative, they seem insufficient to warrant at this time a complete legal prohibition of either research o n or later use of human cloning. Legitimate moral concerns about the use and effects of human cloning, however, underline the need for careful public oversight of research on its development, together with a broader audience debate and review before cloning is done on human beings. Cloning should be a campaign against and live seen as complete with no amendments ready to be done with it. Scientists should involve themselves in research to improve the living standards of people not trying to make copies of them. Human beings are not like movies or songs to be controlled and reproduced at anyone's discretion for personal benefit. Life should be valued and taken seriously, and all the people should strive to keep it pure without blemish. References Nelkin, D. And Lindee, M.S., 1995.The DNA mystique: the gene as cultural icon. WH Freeman and Co. Brock, D.W., The non-identity problem and genetic harm, Bioethics, 9:269-275, 1995. , Reproductive freedom: Its nature, bases and limits, in Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for Health Professionals, D. Thomasma, J. Monagle (eds.), Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1994. Callahan, D., Perspective on cloning: A threat to individual uniqueness, Los Angeles Times, November 12, 1993, B7. Cohen, J., G. Tomkin, The science fiction, and reality of embryo cloning. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 4:193-204, 1994. Council of Europe, Recommendation 1046 (1986) on the Use of Human Embryos and Fetuses Fletcher, J., The Ethics of Genetic Control: Ending Reproductive Roulette, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1974. Huxley, A., Brave New World, London: Chalto and Winders, 1932. Jonas, H., Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974. Kahn, C., Can we achieve immortality?, Free Inquiry, 9:14-18, 1989. Labar, M., The pros and cons of human cloning, Thought, 57:318-333, 1984. Pollack, R., Beyond cloning, New York Times, Nov. 17, 1993, A27. Rainer, J.D. Commentary, Man and Medicine: The Journal of Values and Ethics in Health Care, 3:115-117, 1978. Ramsey, P., Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970. Thomas, L., Notes of a biology watcher: On cloning a human being, N Engl J Med, 291:12961297, 1974. Turner, P.O., Loves labor lost: Legal and ethical implications in artificial human procreation, University of Detriot Journal of Urban Law, 58:459-487, 1981. Walters, W.A.W., Cloning, ectogenesis, and hybrids: Things to come?, In Test-Tube Babies, W.A.W. Walters, P. Singer (eds.), Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1982. Watt, H., What moral status has a human clone?, Bulletin of Medical Ethics, 93:2, 1993. WHO (World Health Organization), WHO Director General Condemns Human Cloning, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press Office, March 11, 1997. Wilmut, I., et al., Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature, 385:810813, 1997. Wilmut, I., et al., Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature, 380:64-66, 1996a. Wilmut, I., et al., Implications of cloning. Nature, 380:383, 1996b.

Introduction Essays (2742 words) - Gender Studies, Feminist Theory

Introduction Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the womens subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the womens movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and Patriarchy Although patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities and clearly existed before it was ever examined by sociologists, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain womens subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994). The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticised pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labour in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994). They have done this by challenging concepts of gender, the family and the unequal division of labour underpinned by a theory of patriarchy that has come to reveal how it operates to subordinate women and privilege men, often at womens expense. Patriarchy, Structure and Gender Inequality Walby (1990) reveals how patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain the gender inequalities essential for the subordination of women. Crucially for this essay, she shows how it can operate differently in the private and public domain but toward the same end. She identifies patriarchy as having diverse forms of and relationships between its structures in the public and private spheres, and yet still operates in a related fashion. Walbys explanation sees the household and household production as being a key site of womens subordination but acknowledges that the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the concept of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between womens subordination in the private and public arenas by showing that they work equally to achieve this subordination as well as supporting, reflecting and maintaining patriarchy itself. Firstly, Walby points out that the structures of patriarchy differ in their form. The household has a different structure to other institutional forms, e.g., the workplace. This is an important point because if feminist theories of patriarchy are to stand they must show that patriarchy operates to the same end in both the private and public sphere, even if it uses different strategies, otherwise it could not be the main reason for the continuing inequality of women in both the private and public sphere. Walby shows that within the private structure and the public structures, patriarchy does use different strategies to maintain gender inequality and these strategies both achieve the subordination of women. The household strategy is considered to be exclusionary and the public structures strategy as segregationist. The exclusionary strategy in the private arena is based

Sample Essay For Principal Selection

Sample Essay For Principal SelectionThe question whether a sample essay for principal selection should be sent to admissions officers, teachers and parents is being raised. It is a widely held belief that it would be of no benefit to the applicant if the essay is not short enough. But how can one make a single sheet of paper seem more interesting?A good idea is to make sure that the paper contains just two or three basic ideas. Doing so will make it seem as though the essay has been written in just a few minutes. This technique will also help the student's learning process because it will reinforce his existing knowledge.If you have used concepts that are too big for you to put into words, do not be afraid to express your useful ideas in simple language. It is important that you include ideas that are age-appropriate to the children whom you are preparing to teach. This is especially true if the student is a high school student. If he is a pre-schooler, you can use the same approach, but the chances of the essay being too difficult for his age are likely to increase.The main idea of the essay should not be about your achievements in school, but rather about your achievements since the beginning of the year. Keeping this aspect in mind, write about your new skills, hobbies, sports and social activities. Try to relate all these to the subjects that you would like to teach in high school.If you are struggling to come up with content for a sample essay for principal selection, you can try writing in the third person. Although you would think that it would give an air of weakness to your essay, the writer's voice and the way in which it is delivered by the writer will help make the essay more interesting.Your writing style should reflect the type of student that you are writing for. If you are writing about a boy or a girl, try to talk in terms that are familiar to them. Use adjectives and adverbs sparingly because you don't want to take away from the interest of th e essay.Finally, you will have to make sure that your writing focuses on the composition activities that you have been conducting in the past couple of weeks. If you are writing about science projects, mention the project leader's name at the end of the statement. Then, try to recall what your group did during that time.